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<title>Language-oriented programming</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Language-oriented programming</span></span>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Language-oriented programming</b> (<b>LOP</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-lop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a software-development paradigm where "language" is a software building block with the same status as objects, modules and components,<sup id="cite_ref-Felleisen2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felleisen2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rather than solving problems in <a href="General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming languages</a>, the programmer creates one or more <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific languages</a> (DSLs) for the problem first, and solves the problem in those languages. Language-oriented programming was first described in detail in Martin Ward's 1994 paper <i>Language Oriented Programming</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lop_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2></div>
<p>The concept of language-oriented programming takes the approach to capture requirements in the user's terms, and then to try to create an implementation language as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isomorphic#Adjective" class="extiw external" title="wikt:isomorphic">isomorphic</a> as possible to the user's descriptions, so that the mapping between requirements and implementation is as direct as possible. A measure of the closeness of this isomorphism is the "redundancy" of the language, defined as the number of editing operations needed to implement a stand-alone change in requirements. It is not assumed <i>a-priori</i> what is the best language for implementing the new language. Rather, the developer can choose among options created by analysis of the information flows — what information is acquired, what its structure is, when it is acquired, from whom, and what is done with it.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>
<p>The <a href="Racket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Racket programming language">Racket programming language</a> and <a href="RascalMPL" title="RascalMPL">RascalMPL</a> were designed to support language-oriented programming from the ground up.<sup id="cite_ref-Felleisen2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felleisen2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="Language_workbench" title="Language workbench">language workbench</a><sup id="cite_ref-killerapp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-killerapp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tools such as <a href="JetBrains_MPS" title="JetBrains MPS">JetBrains MPS</a>, <a href="Kermeta" title="Kermeta">Kermeta</a>, or <a href="Xtext" title="Xtext">Xtext</a> provide the tools to design and implement DSLs and language-oriented programming.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdweg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdweg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Grammar-oriented_programming" title="Grammar-oriented programming">Grammar-oriented programming</a></li>
<li><a href="Dialecting" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialecting">Dialecting</a></li>
<li><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li>
<li><a href="Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible programming</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-lop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lop_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lop_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFWard1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Martin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=825a90a7eaebd7082d883b198e1a218295e0ed3b">"Language-Oriented Programming"</a>. <i>Software - Concepts and Tools</i>. <b>15</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>161<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2010" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, Robert (2010). "Language-Oriented Programming". <i>Beginning F#</i>. Berkeley: Apress. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">327–</span>349. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4302-2390-0_12">10.1007/978-1-4302-2390-0_12</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-4302-2389-4</bdi>.</cite></li></ul></div></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Felleisen2018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Felleisen2018_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Felleisen2018_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFelleisenFindlerFlattKrishnamurthi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Felleisen, Matthias; Findler, Robert Bruce; Flatt, Matthew; Krishnamurthi, Shriram; Barzilay, Eli; McCarthy, Jay; Tobin-Hochstadt, Sam (March 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2018/3/225475-a-programmable-programming-language/fulltext">"A Programmable Programming Language"</a></span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>61</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>71. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3127323">10.1145/3127323</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3887010">3887010</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDunlavey1994" class="citation book cs1">Dunlavey (1994). <i>Building Better Applications: a Theory of Efficient Software Development</i>. <a href="International_Thomson_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="International Thomson Publishing">International Thomson Publishing</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>0-442-01740-5</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-killerapp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-killerapp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2005" class="citation web cs1">Fowler, Martin (12 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martinfowler.com/articles/languageWorkbench.html">"Language Workbenches: The Killer-App for Domain Specific Languages?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Erdweg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erdweg_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFErdweg2013" class="citation book cs1">Erdweg, Sebastian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/21863">"The State of the Art in Language Workbenches"</a>. <i>Software Language Engineering</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol.&nbsp;8225. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">197–</span>217. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-02654-1_11">10.1007/978-3-319-02654-1_11</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-3-319-02653-4</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5234848">5234848</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onboard.jetbrains.com/articles/04/10/lop/">Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm</a> Sergey Dmitriev's paper that further explored the topic.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-02654-1_11">The State of the Art in Language Workbenches. Conclusions from the Language Workbench Challenge.</a> In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Software Language Engineering (SLE'13). 2013.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322499807_Language_Oriented_Programming_in_Meta-Lisp">Language Oriented Programming in MetaLisp</a> Gyuri Lajos's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leeds.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991002968069705181&amp;context=L&amp;vid=44LEE_INST:VU1&amp;lang=en&amp;search_scope=My_Inst_CI_not_ebsco&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=AlmostEverything&amp;query=any,contains,language%20oriented%20programming&amp;facet=rtype,include,dissertations">thesis 1992 University of Leeds</a> The system used the very same Top Down Parsing Language algorithm that powered <a href="TREE-META" title="TREE-META">Tree-Meta</a></li></ul>
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</style><div id="Programming_paradigms_(Comparison_by_language)368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigms</a> (<a href="Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Comparison by language</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Jackson_structured_programming" title="Jackson structured programming">Jackson structures</a></li>
<li><a href="Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">Block-structured</a></li>
<li><a href="Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modular</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-structured_programming" title="Non-structured programming">Non-structured</a></li>
<li><a href="Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a></li>
<li><a href="Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small" title="Programming in the large and programming in the small">Programming in the large and in the small</a></li>
<li><a href="Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">Design by contract</a></li>
<li><a href="Invariant-based_programming" title="Invariant-based programming">Invariant-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Nested_function" title="Nested function">Nested function</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)">comparison</a>, <a href="List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages" title="List of object-oriented programming languages">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">Class-based</a>, <a href="Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based</a>, <a href="Object-based_language" title="Object-based language">Object-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">Agent</a></li>
<li><a href="Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Immutable object</a></li>
<li><a href="Persistent_programming_language" title="Persistent programming language">Persistent</a></li>
<li><a href="Uniform_function_call_syntax" title="Uniform function call syntax">Uniform function call syntax</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_functional_programming_languages" title="Comparison of functional programming languages">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursive</a></li>
<li><a href="Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous function</a> (<a href="Partial_application" title="Partial application">Partial application</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Higher-order_programming" title="Higher-order programming">Higher-order</a></li>
<li><a href="Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">Purely functional</a></li>
<li><a href="Total_functional_programming" title="Total functional programming">Total</a></li>
<li><a href="Strict_programming_language" title="Strict programming language">Strict</a></li>
<li><a href="Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">GADTs</a></li>
<li><a href="Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent types</a></li>
<li><a href="Functional_logic_programming" title="Functional logic programming">Functional logic</a></li>
<li><a href="Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">Point-free style</a></li>
<li><a href="Expression-oriented_programming_language" title="Expression-oriented programming language">Expression-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Applicative_programming_language" title="Applicative programming language">Applicative</a>, <a href="Concatenative_programming_language" title="Concatenative programming language">Concatenative</a></li>
<li><a href="Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">Function-level</a>, <a href="Value-level_programming" title="Value-level programming">Value-level</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Flow-based_programming" title="Flow-based programming">Flow-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Reactive_programming" title="Reactive programming">Reactive</a> (<a href="Functional_reactive_programming" title="Functional reactive programming">Functional reactive</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Signal_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal programming">Signals</a></li>
<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Streams</a></li>
<li><a href="Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Abductive_logic_programming" title="Abductive logic programming">Abductive logic</a></li>
<li><a href="Answer_set_programming" title="Answer set programming">Answer set</a></li>
<li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint</a> (<a href="Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">Inductive logic</a></li>
<li><a href="Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">Nondeterministic</a></li>
<li><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology</a></li>
<li><a href="Probabilistic_logic_programming" title="Probabilistic logic programming">Probabilistic logic</a></li>
<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">DSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_modeling_language" title="Algebraic modeling language">Algebraic modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a></li>
<li><a href="Automata-based_programming" title="Automata-based programming">Automata-based</a> (<a href="Action_language" title="Action language">Action</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Command_language" title="Command language">Command</a> (<a href="Spacecraft_command_language" title="Spacecraft command language">Spacecraft</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable</a></li>
<li><a href="End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user</a></li>
<li><a href="Grammar-oriented_programming" title="Grammar-oriented programming">Grammar-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">Interface description</a></li>

<li><a href="List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a></li>
<li><a href="Low-code_development_platform" title="Low-code development platform">Low-code</a></li>
<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling</a></li>
<li><a href="Natural-language_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural-language programming">Natural language</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Page_description_language" title="Page description language">Page description</a></li>
<li><a href="Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">Pipes</a> and <a href="Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filters</a></li>
<li><a href="Probabilistic_programming" title="Probabilistic programming">Probabilistic</a></li>
<li><a href="Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum</a></li>
<li><a href="Scientific_programming_language" title="Scientific programming language">Scientific</a></li>
<li><a href="Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></li>
<li><a href="Set_theoretic_programming" title="Set theoretic programming">Set-theoretic</a></li>
<li><a href="Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">Simulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">Stack-based</a></li>
<li><a href="System_programming_language" title="System programming language">System</a></li>
<li><a href="Tactile_programming_language" title="Tactile programming language">Tactile</a></li>
<li><a href="Template_processor" title="Template processor">Templating</a></li>
<li><a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a> (<a href="Graph_rewriting" title="Graph rewriting">Graph rewriting</a>, <a href="Production_system_(computer_science)" title="Production system (computer science)">Production</a>, <a href="Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a>,<br><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>,<br><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor-based</a></li>
<li><a href="Automatic_mutual_exclusion" title="Automatic mutual exclusion">Automatic mutual exclusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Choreographic_programming" title="Choreographic programming">Choreographic programming</a></li>
<li><a href="Concurrent_logic_programming" title="Concurrent logic programming">Concurrent logic</a> (<a href="Concurrent_constraint_logic_programming" title="Concurrent constraint logic programming">Concurrent constraint logic</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Concurrent_object-oriented_programming" title="Concurrent object-oriented programming">Concurrent OO</a></li>
<li><a href="Macroprogramming" title="Macroprogramming">Macroprogramming</a></li>
<li><a href="Multitier_programming" title="Multitier programming">Multitier programming</a></li>
<li><a href="Organic_computing" title="Organic computing">Organic computing</a></li>
<li><a href="Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Parallel programming models</a></li>
<li><a href="Partitioned_global_address_space" title="Partitioned global address space">Partitioned global address space</a></li>
<li><a href="Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">Process-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Relativistic_programming" title="Relativistic programming">Relativistic programming</a></li>
<li><a href="Service-oriented_programming" title="Service-oriented programming">Service-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Structured_concurrency" title="Structured concurrency">Structured concurrency</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Attribute-oriented_programming" title="Attribute-oriented programming">Attribute-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">Automatic</a> (<a href="Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">Dynamic</a></li>
<li><a href="Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible</a></li>
<li><a href="Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li>
<li><a href="Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">Homoiconicity</a></li>
<li><a href="Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive</a></li>
<li><a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> (<a href="Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">Hygienic</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Metalinguistic_abstraction" title="Metalinguistic abstraction">Metalinguistic abstraction</a></li>
<li><a href="Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">Multi-stage</a></li>
<li><a href="Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a> (<a href="Bayesian_program_synthesis" title="Bayesian program synthesis">Bayesian</a>, <a href="Inferential_programming" title="Inferential programming">Inferential</a>, <a href="Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">by demonstration</a>, <a href="Programming_by_example" title="Programming by example">by example</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">Reflective</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">Self-modifying code</a></li>
<li><a href="Symbolic_programming" title="Symbolic programming">Symbolic</a></li>
<li><a href="Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">Separation<br>of concerns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspects</a></li>
<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></li>
<li><a href="Data-driven_programming" title="Data-driven programming">Data-driven</a></li>
<li><a href="Data-oriented_design" title="Data-oriented design">Data-oriented</a></li>
<li><a href="Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">Event-driven</a></li>
<li><a href="Feature-oriented_programming" title="Feature-oriented programming">Features</a></li>
<li><a href="Literate_programming" title="Literate programming">Literate</a></li>
<li><a href="Role-oriented_programming" title="Role-oriented programming">Roles</a></li>
<li><a href="Subject-oriented_programming" title="Subject-oriented programming">Subjects</a></li></ul>
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